الوسم: الانجليزي

كل عام وانتو بخيــــــر

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Even though cancer is not common in children, it is the most common cause of death from illness in children between the ages of 1 and 15. This is because children today are at much lower risk of dying from infectious diseases than they were 80 years ago. So although the percentages of children dying from various cancers have gone down, the proportion of childhood deaths from cancer overall has gone up.

Types of childhood cancer

The most common types of childhood cancer are

• Leukaemias, diagnosed in 1 in 3 children with cancer
• Cancers of the brain and spinal cord, diagnosed in 1 in 4 children with cancer

The other rarer types of children’s cancers include retinoblastoma (a type of eye cancer), Wilm’s tumours (a type of kidney cancer), muscle or bone cancers (osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewings sarcoma) or lymphoma (cancer that starts in the lymphatic system).
We have a general section about acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (the most common type of childhood leukaemia) and another about brain tumours. These sections are about adult cancer, rather than children’s cancers. But much of the information about causes, diagnosis and treatment will be the same

What causes cancer?

There is no one single cause for cancer. Scientists believe that it is the interaction of many factors together that produces cancer. The factors involved may be genetic, environmental or constitutional characteristics of the individual.

Diagnosis, treatment and prognosis for childhood cancers are different than for adult cancers. The main differences are the survival rate and the cause of the cancer. The survival rate for childhood cancer is about 72 percent, while in adult cancers, the survival rate is 60 percent. This difference is thought to be because childhood cancer is more responsive to therapy, a child can tolerate more aggressive therapy and the prognosis is better.

Childhood cancers often occur or begin in the stem cells, which are simple cells capable of producing other types of specialized cells that the body needs. A sporadic (occurs by chance) cell change or mutation is usually what causes childhood cancer. In adults, the type of cell that becomes cancerous is usually an "epithelial" cell, which are cells that line the body cavity and cover the body surface. Cancer occurs from environmental exposures to these cells over time. Adult cancers are sometimes referred to as "acquired" for this reason.

from environmental exposures (usually over many years). There are three main types of genes that can affect cell growth and are altered (mutated) in certain types of cancers, including the following:
Oncogenes – these genes regulate the normal growth of cells. Scientists commonly describe oncogenes as similar to a cancer "switch" that most people have in their bodies. What "flips the switch" to make these oncogenes suddenly become unable to control the normal growth of cells and allowing abnormal cancer cells to begin to grow, is unknown.
Tumor suppressor genes – these genes are able to recognize abnormal growth and reproduction of damaged cells, or cancer cells, and can interrupt their reproduction until the defect is corrected. If the tumor suppressor genes are mutated, however, and they do not function properly, tumor growth may occur. Mismatch-repair genes – these genes help recognize errors when DNA is copied to make a new cell. If the DNA does not "match" perfectly, these genes repair the mismatch and correct the error. If these genes are not working properly, however, errors in DNA can be transmitted to new cells, causing them to be damaged.

Usually the number of cells in any of our body tissues is tightly controlled so that new cells are made for normal growth and development, as well as to replace dying cells. Ultimately, cancer is a loss of this balance due to genetic alterations that "tip the balance" in favor of excessive cell growth.

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DON’T cry over anyone who won’t cry over you
لاتبك على من لا يبكي عليك

Good FRIENDS are hard to find, harder to leave, and impossible to forget
الأصدقاء الحقيقون يصعب إيجادهم ، يصعب تركهم ، ويستحيل نسيانهم

The HARDEST thing to do is watch the one you love, love somebody else
أصعب ما على النفس أن ترى من تحب ، يقع في حب شخص آخر

DON’T let the past hold you back, you’re missing the good stuff
لا تجعل الماضي يعيقك ، سيلهيك عن الأمور الجميلة في الحياة

LIFE’S SHORT. If you don’t look around once in a while you might miss it
الحياة قصيرة ، إن لم تستغلها ضاعت عليك الفرصة

Some people make the world SPECIAL just by being in it
بعض الناس يجعلون حياتك سعيدة ، فقط بتواجدهم فيها

When it HURTS to look back, and you’re SCARED to look ahead,you can look beside you and your BEST FRIEND will be there
عندما يؤلمك النظر للماضي ، وتخاف مما سيحدث في للمستقبل ، انظر لجانبك ، وصديقك الحميم سيكون هناك ليدعمك

TRUE FRIENDSHIP "NEVER" ENDS, Friends are FOREVER
الصداقة الحقيقة لا تنتهي ، الأصدقاء دوما يبقون كذلك

Good friends are like STARS You don’t always see them, but you know they are ALWAYS THERE
الأصدقاء الحقيقيون كالنجوم ، لا تراها دوما ؛ لكنك تعلم أنها موجودة في السماء

?What do you do when the only person who can make you stop crying is the person who made you cry
ماذا ستفعل حينما يكون الشخص الوحيد القادر على مسح دموعك هو من جعلك تبكي ؟

Everything is okay in the end. If it’s not okay, then it’s not the end
كل الأمور على مايرام في النهاية ، إن لم تكن كذلك ، فتلك ليست النهاية